Ultraviolet (UV) light is recognized as a highly effective method for disinfecting drinking water by inactivating bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. The process involves exposing water to UV light, specifically at a wavelength of around 254 nanometers, which penetrates the cells of microorganisms and disrupts their DNA, rendering them unable to replicate and cause infection. This means that while UV light does not remove the microorganisms from the water, it effectively neutralizes their potential to cause harm. This approach to water disinfection is advantageous because it does not involve the use of chemicals, thereby avoiding the formation of disinfection by-products and preserving the taste and odor of the water.
Despite its high effectiveness, the application of UV light in water treatment systems does have some limitations. The efficacy of UV disinfection is contingent on the clarity of the water; turbidity and particulate matter can shield microorganisms from UV exposure, reducing the effectiveness of the process. Therefore, pre-filtration is often required to ensure optimal results. Additionally, UV systems do not remove dissolved impurities such as heavy metals or chemical pollutants from the water, so they are often used in conjunction with other purification methods to ensure comprehensive water treatment. Nonetheless, the speed and non-chemical nature of UV disinfection make it a compelling option for municipal and residential water treatment systems, ensuring safe drinking water with minimal environmental impact.